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HOW TO MAKE SPEECH I. INTRODUCTION One of life’s terrors for the uninitiated is to be asked to make a speech, but most of you do not want to do this. “Why me?” will probably your first reaction. “I don’t have anything to say, I may be nervous in front of an audience and do not know what to say”. You stand up on the stage but your mind blank. Has this situation ever happened to you? This unit gives some techniques on how to give an effective speech. II. PRESENTATION 2.1 The Definition of Speech Speech is the act of speaking, expressing or describing thought, feelings, or perception by the articulation of words in front of particular people in certain circumstances. 2.2 The Format of Speech 2.2.1 Reading the Speech It is the safest format. You don’t have to worry about forgetting anything and you can make sure your speech precisely fits with the allocated time. Unfortunately, this format also has disadvantages. You may become so engrossed in your manuscript that you forget to look up at the audience. 2.2.2 Memorizing the Speech. It requires that the first write it out and then memorize it word for word. It means hours or days of extra preparation time and effort. The disadvantages of this format are that you might skip an important point or forget what comes next. You might concentrate so hard on remembering your speech that your voice sounds unnatural. 2.2.3 Speaking Impromptu It requires little or no preparation. This format can succeed only if you are well informed about the subject. An impromptu speech enables you to give a lively, spontaneous delivery. But it risk being unorganized. Without adequate preparation, you may ramble and never get your point across effectively. 2.2.4 Speaking Extemporaneously It is the most commonly used type of delivering in public speaking. You organize your ideas in a written outline and use it as a guide when you give your speech. It has the advantage of being both organized and spontaneous. 2.3 The Purpose of Speech If you are asked to make a speech, you should know your audience first. Who are they? Why are they there? What are they interested in? Where are you? How much do they already know about your subject? Etc. By doing so, you can define your purpose of your speech. Generally, three are three purposes of speech: 2.3.1 Informative: In an informative speech, the audience learns about a new subject or learns new information about a familiar subject. An informative purpose statement will generally be worded to stress audience knowledge or ability. There are three ways to categorize informative speech; by format, by content, and by purpose. 2.3.2 Persuasive: A persuasive speech is intended to change the audience’s attitudes or behaviors. All persuasive topics fall into one of three categories, depending upon the type of proposition, or claim, that you are advancing. The three categories are proposition of fact, proposition of value, and proposition of policy. Propositions of facts are issues in which there are two or more sides with conflicting evidence, where listeners are required to choose the truth for themselves. Propositions of value go beyond issues of truth or falsity and explore the worth of some idea, persons, or objects. Propositions of policy go one step beyond questions of fact or value; they recommend a specific course of action. 2.3.3 Entertaining: A speech that simply tries to gain and keep the audience’s attention. The speakers wants the listeners to have a good time and to be amused or interested by the speech 2.4 Choosing a Topic 1. Choose a topic that interest you or that you already know something about. You are more likely to enjoy preparing and delivering a speech on a topic you like than on one you don’t like, particularly care about. You are also to get a good response from your audience. 2. Choose the topic that your audience interest to know. You have to consider the aspect of who the audience is and what they like to know from you. Usually the audiences like to know the hot issues happen around them. 3. Choose the topic that can cover the time allocated. Make sure you can cover your topic adequately within the time allowed. Limit your topic so you can present your main idea and support it with meaningful details. 2.5 Speech Parts A. Opening / Introduction 1. Salutation 2. Telling briefly what we are going to say, or do illustration B. Body 1. Focus on the topic 2. Avoid talking about something irrelevant to the topic 3. Give interval between points C. Closing 1. Give a short conclusion by restating the importance or the Significant of Argument 2. Close the speech Here is the example of how to develop an outline of a good speech Speech title : The bad effects of Smoking Purpose : To describe or explain audience about the emergence of various diseases as bad effects of smoking. Introduction : Cigarette smoking is still popular. Body/Discussion : Smoking brings about various lethal diseases 1. Tar and CO (carbon monoxide) taken into the lungs cause cancer and bronchitis. 2. Nicotine inhaled makes heart beat faster and it finally leads to heart-disease. 3. Nicotine inhaled also makes arteries contract and the contraction produce blockage in the arteries which eventually needs legs amputation. Conclusion/Closing : We have already known what smoking means to us. The choice of not smoking is years. 2.6 Salutation (Addresses) There are many ways in expressing salutation. Some of examples of salutation are presented below: To the King or Queen  His most Gracious Majesty, King ……. His most Gracious Majesty, King Fahd of Saudi Arabia  Her most Gracious Majesty, Queen ….. Her most Gracious Majesty, Queen Elizabeth of the UK  His Royal Highness, the Duke of York  Her Royal Highness, the Duchess of York  His Royal Highness, the Prince of Wales  Her Royal Highness, the Princess of Wales To the President, Minister, and Government officers  The Honorable ……., the President of …….. The Honorable Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, the President of Republic of Indonesia.  The Honorable Senator/ Governor …..  The Honorable ……, Speaker of Senate.  The Honorable ……, Speaker of the House of Representatives.  The Honorable ……, the Minister of …. of…..  The Honorable ……, the Minister of …. of….. To the Ambassador  The Honorable Robert L. Berry, the U.S. Ambassador to Indonesia and Madam Berry.  His Excellency Robert L. Berry, the American Ambassador to Indonesia and Mrs. Berry Other Salutations:  Ladies and Gentlemen,  Dear friends  Dear brothers and sister  Distinguished Guests, The example of expressing an opening and a closing of a speech It is very important to express an interesting opening and a closing when we are delivering a speech because through this way, we can attract audience attention and maintain it until we have finished our speech. 1. Some examples of expressing an opening of a speech: ► First of all, I’d like to extend my sincere gratitude to the organizing committee who has given me this opportunity to deliver a speech on (the topic)”The role of Bank Indonesia as a Central Bank to foster National economic growth” ► It is a great pleasure for me to be given the opportunity to deliver a speech on the subject of “How to manage our time effectively” ► First of all, let me express my feeling, how pleased I am to have an opportunity to stick here and deliver a speech on (the topic) “English Competition 2009 the bridge to conquer the world” ► I am greatly honored and grateful for the opportunity given to me in addressing a speech on “Children and Television Program”. ► I’d like, first of all, to say thank you very much to the organizing committee for this precious opportunity to deliver a speech. In this occasion, I’d like to speak about “The significance of Computer Use in an integrated Teaching of English both as a Second and Foreign Language”. 2. Examples of expressing a closing of a speech:  Ladies and Gentlemen, Finally, I would like to convey my highest appreciation and heartfelt to The committee that has successfully conducted this English Contest. Hopefully, through this English Contest, all of us really realize the importance of English to conquer the word and to have a bright future. I close my speech by wishing all the best for the further development of this program. Thank you very much.  Ladies and Gentlemen, In conclusion, over population causes many problems. If the growth of the population is not balanced by an equal rice production, then many social problems will arise. Poverty will increase. The shortage of schools, unemployment, lack of housing, and crime are the examples of this condition. At this moment the struggle for living is very hard. Everything for nourishment and needs is very expensive. Therefore, this is reason that both government and public must be really aware of the importance of implementing the family-planning program. Thank you very much.  Ladies and Gentlemen, I have attempted today to describe some of the more interesting aspects of the Effects of Smoking. I really appreciate for your kind attention and I am looking forward to another opportunity of seeing you again. Thank you very much. The Techniques of speech Anyone can give a speech but not everyone can give an effective speech. To give an effective speech, there are 6 techniques you should consider: 1. Be Prepared and Rehearsal Being prepared is by far the most important thing in having an effective speech. How many times do you practice your speech? As a general rule, you should spend about 30 hours of preparation and rehearsal time for every hour you will be speaking. Remember that there is no substitute for rehearsal. You can use a tape recorder or video tape yourself. This will help you get an accurate picture of how you speak. You can also do it in front of a mirror, or to an empty theatre. In both case, you should accurate your gestures and vocal projection so that you get used to the sound and sight of yourself. 2. Give of Yourself. Use personal examples and stories in your speech whenever possible. Make sure your stories help you to emphasize or support your point. The stories must match your message. In either case be willing to give yourself by sharing some of yourself with the audience. 3. Stay Relaxed To stay relaxed you should be prepared. Also focus on your message and not the audience. Use gestures including walking patterns. Practice the opening of your speech and plan exactly how you will say it. The audience will judge you in the first 30 seconds they see you. 4. Use Natural Humor Don’t try to be a stand up comedian Use natural humor by poking fun at yourself and something you said or did. Be sure NOT to make fun of anyone in the audience. People will laugh with you when you poke fun at yourself but don’t over do it. 5. Plan Your Body & Hand Position. During the practice of your speech look for occasion where you can use a gesture. Establish three positions where you will stand and practice not only how to move to the audience but also where in your speech need you to move. Pick three positions, one on the center stage, one on to your right, and one to your left. Do not hide behind the lectern. When you move, maintain eyes contact with the audience. 6. Pay attention to all details Make sure you have the right location and time of your speech (school, hotel, room). Make sure you know how to get to where you are speaking. Ask how large an audience you will be speaking to. Arrive early so you can check out where you will be speaking and make any last minutes adjustment. Stage Fright Some characteristic of being nervous: ☻ Trembling ☻ Look pale ☻ Fever ☻ Stomachache ☻ Dizziness ☻ Weak Knees ☻ Knees knocking ☻ Getting Thirsty ☻ Look pale ☻ Clammy palms The great majority reasons of nervousness: ☻ It’s the first time for us ☻ Feeling shy ☻ Thinking more than what we want ☻ Feeling inferior ☻ Lack of preparation Overcoming stage fright Pray to God Be self confidence Be relax Feel being superior Concentrate Speak loudly Take a deep breath Have enough rest Avoid caffeine Avoid eyes contact to single audience Drinking fresh water SUMMARY The Power of Speech Discuss and analyze the speech below! Dear my brothers and sisters, Ladies and Gentlemen, In this very happy occasion, first of all, allow me to express my very sincere gratitude to Mr. Suhadi for giving me an opportunity to speak before you all about “What do we mean with love ?” Love is the fundament of our everyday life. Our activities are colored by love and love is the blood of our relation with God’s creatures. It is not easy to define what love is all about because love concerns many aspects and surely we can never describe what exactly mean by love. In our daily life, we can divide love into several categories. We can differ the love we have for our parents, our brothers and sisters, our best friends, our lover and of course our love to the Creator. When a man and a woman make up their mind to go through this life together, we know that they are in love. When a brother brings home a sweet doll for his younger sister, we can call that also love. Even, when a mother is getting angry to her child, she does this because she loves him. Love is one of the mysteries in our life. In love we do not only find passion, truth and belief, but also hate and hurt as well. Although love is indescribable thing, it is something that we can touch with our feelings and our hearts. Sometimes we say that we love someone but actually what we feel is only admiration, and we just can not differ love from admiration. It is said that when we feel that we want to get close to someone all the time and we are willing to do everything for that person without anything in return, it means that we love that person. However, I personally believe that love is more that. Even if the above definition is close enough to the love we have for our lover, it is greater than any or its definition in this world. In the end of this speech, I would like to emphasize that, once again, love is one of the greatest mystery in our life. The most important thing is not the definition of love but how we would like to thank the One for love he gives us. Each of us knows what love is through experience, and if you were in pain because of love, you were never in love. News Casting News casting is an activity which enables the participant to read news as a real newscaster. They will be required to read and present a piece of news in English which is provided by the organizer. They will be judged upon their fluency, pronunciation, manner of speaking and their appearance. The Rules : 1. The news reader should wear a formal dress 2. The news reader must not use any aids (except mike) 3. The news reader should speak briefly and clearly also fluently 4. The news reader should not do other activities during reading news. Example. Opening the news Hi, good morning/afternoon/evening …. Welcome back again on Metro TV Head Line News, still with me Suhadi. And for about five minutes, I’ll accompany and bring you the latest news from all around the world. And here is the complete news…… Here is another example Opening the news Hi …..good morning (Afternoon, evening) Back again with me (our name) in Metro TV headline news on November 11th, 2008. For about five minutes, we will bring you the latest news that we have brought from all around the world. And here is the complete news….. Closing the news Well…that’s news for today. I’m Suhadi and all the crews of MetroTV Head Line News want to say thank for watching… If you still have a critique and suggestion, you can contact us in www.metronews.com. Have a nice day and good bye…. Here is another example Closing the news That was news for today, I'm (our name) and all the crew of Metro TV headline news want to say thanks for watching. Have a great day and good bye References: Devito, Joseph., 1984. The Element of Public Speaking, 2nd edition. Harper & Row, Publisher, New York. Mulyan, Yayan G.H., 2002. A Practical Guide: English for Public Speaking. Bekasi. Kesaint. Indonesia. ♣ Good luck and happy practicing ! ♣